Clinical utility and prospective of TMS-EEG: Updated review from an international expert group.

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dc.contributor.authorZiemann U
dc.contributor.authorBai Y
dc.contributor.authorBaumer FM
dc.contributor.authorBeck MM
dc.contributor.authorBelardinelli P
dc.contributor.authorBelvisi D
dc.contributor.authorBender S
dc.contributor.authorBergmann TO
dc.contributor.authorBortoletto M
dc.contributor.authorCasarotto S
dc.contributor.authorCasula E
dc.contributor.authorChaves AR
dc.contributor.authorde Andrade DC
dc.contributor.authorConte A
dc.contributor.authorDaskalakis ZJ
dc.contributor.authorFarzan F
dc.contributor.authorFerrarelli F
dc.contributor.authorFitzgerald PB
dc.contributor.authorGordon PC
dc.contributor.authorGrefkes C
dc.contributor.authorHarquel S
dc.contributor.authorHernandez-Pavon JC
dc.contributor.authorHill AT
dc.contributor.authorHoy KE
dc.contributor.authorHummel FC
dc.contributor.authorJulkunen P
dc.contributor.authorKallioniemi E
dc.contributor.authorKeller CJ
dc.contributor.authorKimiskidis VK
dc.contributor.authorKirkovski M
dc.contributor.authorKoch G
dc.contributor.authorLeodori G
dc.contributor.authorLioumis P
dc.contributor.authorMäättä S
dc.contributor.authorMaidan I
dc.contributor.authorMassimini M
dc.contributor.authorMengel A
dc.contributor.authorMetsomaa J
dc.contributor.authorMiniussi C
dc.contributor.authorMutanen TP
dc.contributor.authorNoda Y
dc.contributor.authorOzdemir RA
dc.contributor.authorRaffin E
dc.contributor.authorRocchi L
dc.contributor.authorRogasch NC
dc.contributor.authorRosanova M
dc.contributor.authorSantarnecchi E
dc.contributor.authorSarasso S
dc.contributor.authorSchabrun SM
dc.contributor.authorShafi MM
dc.contributor.authorSiebner HR
dc.contributor.authorTolner EA
dc.contributor.authorTomasevic L
dc.contributor.authorTremblay S
dc.contributor.authorTscherpel C
dc.contributor.authorVeniero D
dc.contributor.authorVersace V
dc.contributor.authorVoineskos D
dc.contributor.authorVucic S
dc.contributor.authorZangen A
dc.contributor.authorZrenner C
dc.contributor.authorIlmoniemi RJ
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-26T03:45:58Z
dc.date.issued2026-01-09
dc.description.abstractTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique to stimulate the brain, while electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive technique to record its electrical activity. Their combined use (TMS-EEG) has been established only relatively recently, after successful development of TMS-compatible EEG amplifiers. TMS-EEG offers the unparalleled opportunity to directly perturb the brain with TMS and simultaneously record its response with EEG. This allows inferences on causal input-output relationships, therefore going critically beyond purely observational techniques, such as resting-state EEG or functional MRI, in the study of brain dynamics. This consensus review updates the work of Tremblay and coworkers [Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130: 802-844]. Since then, substantial advances have been made in understanding contamination of TMS-EEG signals by physiological and non-physiological artifacts, as well as in developing strategies to avoid or control them. In parallel, new insights have emerged regarding the physiological mechanisms underlying TMS-EEG responses and their diagnostic and prognostic utility in a broad range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. As such, TMS-EEG is rapidly shaping a dynamic new field in clinical neurophysiology and neuroscience. This review provides a critical and comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge, including practical guidance for implementing TMS-EEG in the clinical setting.
dc.description.sponsorshipUZ: Received grant support by the European Research Council (ERC Synergy) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ConnectToBrain; grant agreement No. 810377), and by the German Research Foundation (DFG; ZI 542/13-1). YB: Received grant support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82472605, No. 82560454). FMB: Received funding for her research efforts from the NINDS K23NS116110, the Doris Duke Chari- table Foundation, the Rita Allen Foundation, the WuTsai Neuroscience Institute, the Maternal Child Health Research Institute, and the O’Farrel- Principe family. SB: Received grant support by the German Research Foundation (DFG; CRC 1451, project B02) and the Marga and Walter Boll foundation. TOB: Received grant support by the German Research Foundation (DFG, No. 468645090). ARC: Received support from the MS Society (Canada); Grant #1188607 (endMS Post Doctoral Fellowship). DCdA: Received research funding from EU (ERC consolidator Grant PersoNINpain (101087925), HORIZON Doctoral Network (FRESCO4- NoPain), and the Novo Nordisk Foundation. ZJD: Received research support from Temerty Family Foundation, Grant Family, Kreutzcamp Family, Brain Canada, CHIR, NIMH, Welcome Leap. F Farzan: Received funding from NSERC (RGPIN-2015-05783), CIHR (165863), Ontario Brain Institute, and Michael Smith Health Research BC, formerly Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research (17727). PBF: Supported by an NHMRC Leadership award (1193596). CG: Supported by grants of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foun- dation) – Project-ID 431549029 – SFB 1451 (project C05,) and RTG 2783—Project ID 456732630. SH: Received grant support by the French National Research Agency (ANR-25-CE37-2363). PJ: Received grant support from the State Research Funding for university-level health research through Kuopio University Hospital (Wellbeing Service County of North Savo, projects 5041830 and 5041742). EK: Research reported in this publication was supported in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), a component of the Na- tional Institutes of Health (NIH) under award number K12TR004788. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. CJK: Supported by R01MH126639, R01MH139650, R01MH132074, and a Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career Award for Medical Scientists. MM: Received grant support by the European Research Council (ERC-2022-SYG - 101071900 - NEMESIS), and by the Ministry of University and Research (MUR), National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), project EBRAINS-Italy (IR00011). AM: Received grant support by University Hospital Tübingen (Advanced Clinician Scientist program) and by the German Research Foundation (DFG; ME 5820/4-1). CM: Engaged in EU-funded HORIZON Collabora- tion and Support Action TWINNIBS (101059369); Supported by Next- GenerationEU PNRR Mnesys B2B Project and PRIN MUR 2022 ABC&C project (Prot. 20222ZLPFC). YN: Supported by (A) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research; (B) (21H02813) and (C) (24K10740) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), research grants from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), investigator-initiated clinical study grants from Teijin Pharma Ltd.; Inter-Reha Co., Ltd.; and REMED Co., Ltd.; research grants from the Watanabe Foundation and the Daiichi Sankyo Scholarship Donation Program. NCR: Supported by the Australian Research Council, Australia (FT210100694). MMS: Receives relevant grant support from the NIH (NIA P01AG031720). HRS: Received grant support from Innovation Funds Denmark (grant solution project PRECISION-BCT, grant nr. 9068- 00025B) and from Lundbeckfonden (collaborative project grant ADAPT- PD, grant nr. R336-2020-1035). EAT: Received grant support by the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMW) (Brain@home), Project number 114025101), the Dutch Na- tional Epilepsy Foundation (2022-10) and European Union Joint Pro- gramme – Neurodegenerative Disease Research project REBALANCE (no 10510062210003). LT: Received grant support by the dtec.bw–Digital- ization and Technology Research Center of the Bundeswehr (MEXT project). The dtec.bw is funded by the European Union – NextGener- ationEU. ST: Received support from the Junior Scholar 1 - Fonds de Recherche du Qu´ebec – Sant´e (#309921). CT: Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – Project- ID 431549029 – SFB 1451 (project C05). D Voineskos: Received research support from CIHR, NIMH, the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), the Centre for Mental Health at University Health Network and the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Toronto. She is a member of the Research Committee of the Clinical TMS Society (un- paid). AZ: Received grant support from the Israel Science Foundation (ISF grant number # 2278/22). CZ: Supported by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, a University of Toronto Academic Scholars Award, a Brain Canada Future Leader in Canadian Brain Research grant, a Brain and Behaviour Research Foundation Young Investigator grant (31954), and a Canada Foundation for Innovation John R. Evens Leaders Fund grant (43911), co-funded by the Ontario Research Fund. RJI: Received grant support by the European Research Council (ERC Synergy) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ConnectToBrain; grant agreement No. 810377). All other authors have indicated to have no acknowledgements.
dc.identifier10.1016/j.clinph.2025.2111487
dc.identifier.citationZiemann U, Bai Y, Baumer FM, Beck MM, Belardinelli P, Belvisi D, Bender S, Bergmann TO, Bortoletto M, Casarotto S, Casula E, Chaves AR, de Andrade DC, Conte A, Daskalakis ZJ, Farzan F, Ferrarelli F, Fitzgerald PB, Gordon PC, Grefkes C, Harquel S, Hernandez-Pavon JC, Hill AT, Hoy KE, Hummel FC, Julkunen P, Kallioniemi E, Keller CJ, Kimiskidis VK, Kirkovski M, Koch G, Leodori G, Lioumis P, Määttä S, Maidan I, Massimini M, Mengel A, Metsomaa J, Miniussi C, Mutanen TP, Noda Y, Ozdemir RA, Raffin E, Rocchi L, Rogasch NC, Rosanova M, Santarnecchi E, Sarasso S, Schabrun SM, Shafi MM, Siebner HR, Tolner EA, Tomasevic L, Tremblay S, Tscherpel C, Veniero D, Versace V, Voineskos D, Vucic S, Zangen A, Zrenner C, Ilmoniemi RJ. Clinical utility and prospective of TMS-EEG: Updated review from an international expert group. Clin Neurophysiol. 2026 Jan 9:2111487. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2025.2111487. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 41688232.
dc.identifier.urihttps://repository.bionicsinstitute.org/handle/703/487
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherClinical Neurophysiology
dc.sourceClinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology
dc.titleClinical utility and prospective of TMS-EEG: Updated review from an international expert group.
dc.typeArticle

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